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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus
Published on: October 14, 2022
Current Updates on Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Boon Seng Liew1, Kiyoshi Takagi2, Yoko Kato3
1Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
Abstract:
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is one of the neurodegenerative diseases which can be treated surgically with favorable outcome. The gait disturbance, cognitive, and urinary symptoms are known as the clinical triad of iNPH. In this review, we have addressed the comorbidities, differential diagnoses, clinical presentations, and pathology of iNPH. We have also summarized the imaging studies and clinical procedures used for the diagnosis of iNPH. The treatment modality, outcomes, and prognosis were also discussed.
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