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Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids01:31

Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids

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Carboxylic acids with lower molecular weight exhibit a sharp and unpleasant odor. They also have higher boiling and melting points than analogous compounds, such as aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols.
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Intermolecular forces dictate several physical properties such as boiling points, melting points, solubilities, and so forth. They are classified into four types: ionic forces, hydrogen bonds, dipole–dipole forces, and dispersion forces. Ionic forces are the strongest, while dispersion forces are the weakest.
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
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Properties of Pertechnic Acid.

Chuck Soderquist1, Jamie Weaver1,2, Herman Cho1

  • 1Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States.

Inorganic Chemistry
|September 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Concentrating pertechnic acid forms new technetium compounds, challenging previous assumptions. These findings reveal the complex chemistry of technetium oxides in aqueous solutions.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Radiochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Aqueous pertechnic acid is a strong monoprotic acid, typically existing as the pertechnetate ion.
  • Concentration of pertechnic acid via evaporation is known to cause color changes and formation of solid materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the chemical species formed during the concentration of aqueous pertechnic acid.
  • To characterize the physical and spectral properties of these technetium compounds.
  • To determine the concentration range where Beer's law is not obeyed.

Main Methods:

  • Evaporation of aqueous pertechnic acid.
  • Isolation and characterization of solid and liquid technetium compounds.
  • Measurement of densities, 99Tc nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectra.
  • Thermal analysis (melting point determination).

Main Results:

  • At least three distinct technetium compounds form upon concentration: a yellow viscous liquid, a colorless crystalline solid (m.p. 118 °C), and an intensely colored red-purple compound.
  • The colorless crystalline compound shows good thermal stability upon recrystallization.
  • The red-purple compound is unstable at room temperature.
  • UV-vis spectra indicate deviations from Beer's law at higher concentrations.
  • Densities and 99Tc NMR spectra were obtained for solutions ranging from 1 to 14 M.

Conclusions:

  • The concentration of pertechnic acid leads to the formation of multiple technetium species beyond the simple pertechnetate ion.
  • The observed color changes are attributed to the formation of these new, distinct chemical entities.
  • The behavior of concentrated pertechnic acid solutions is more complex than previously understood, with implications for its handling and application.