Tuning extreme learning machine by an improved electromagnetism-like mechanism algorithm for classification problem

Extreme learning machine (ELM) is a kind of learning algorithm for single hidden-layer feedforward neural network (SLFN). Compared with traditional gradient-based neural network learning algorithms, ELM has the advantages of fast learning speed, good generalization performance and easy implementation. But due to the random determination of input weights and hidden biases, ELM demands more hidden neurons and cannot guarantee the optimal network structure. Here, we report a new learning algorithm to overcome the disadvantages of ELM by tuning the input weights and hidden biases through an improved electromagnetism-like mechanism (EM) algorithm called DAEM and Moore-Penrose (MP) generalized inverse to analytically determine the output weights of ELM. In DAEM, three different solution updating strategies inspired by dragonfly algorithm (DA) are implemented. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm DAEM-ELM has better generalization performance than traditional ELM and other evolutionary ELMs.