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Related Concept Videos

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Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases with temperature for most substances. This property is the basis for the common alcohol thermometer and the original mercury thermometers. Other properties used to measure temperature include electrical resistance, color, and the emission of infrared radiation.
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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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When two objects come in direct contact with each other, it is called a collision. During a collision, two or more objects exert forces on each other in a relatively short amount of time. A collision can be categorized as either an elastic or inelastic collision. If two or more objects approach each other, collide and then bounce off, moving away from each other with the same relative speed at which they approached each other, the total kinetic energy of the system is said to be conserved. This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature
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On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature

Published on: March 11, 2022

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Temperature-scaled collision process for the high-order lattice Boltzmann model.

Xuhui Li1, Yangyang Shi1, Xiaowen Shan1

  • 1Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.

Physical Review. E
|September 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study proposes a self-similar lattice Boltzmann model for fluid dynamics simulations. The new multiple-relaxation-time model enhances accuracy by accounting for temperature scaling effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Computational fluid dynamics
  • Statistical physics

Background:

  • The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is a powerful numerical technique for simulating fluid flows.
  • Accurate modeling of fluid behavior across different temperatures is crucial for various applications.
  • Existing LBM collision models may struggle with temperature-dependent phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) collision model for the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) that accounts for temperature scaling.
  • To ensure self-similarity of distribution function relaxations under temperature scaling.
  • To improve the accuracy and stability of LBM simulations in complex flow scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • Postulation of self-similar relaxations of the distribution function under temperature scaling.
  • Development of an MRT collision model in a relative, temperature-scaled reference frame using Hermite expansion.
  • Conversion of relaxations between temperature-scaled and raw reference frames with correction terms.
  • Recursive derivation of collision terms from lower-order terms after filtering highest-order moments.

Main Results:

  • A novel MRT collision model is devised, incorporating temperature scaling effects.
  • Correction terms are introduced to eliminate cross-talk between different relaxation orders.
  • The model demonstrates improved performance in benchmark simulations.
  • Validation through double shear layer, shock tube, and Taylor-Green vortex flows.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed MRT collision model based on self-similarity under temperature scaling offers enhanced accuracy for LBM simulations.
  • The method effectively handles temperature-dependent fluid dynamics.
  • The approach provides a robust framework for advanced computational fluid dynamics research.