[Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for urolithiasis]

Area of Science:

• Urology
• Nephrology
• Metabolic Medicine

Background:

• Urolithiasis (kidney stone disease) poses a significant health burden, with recurrence being a major challenge.
• Effective metaphylaxis and recurrence reduction depend on a thorough understanding of risk factors.

Purpose of the Study:

• To elucidate the spectrum of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for urolithiasis.
• To highlight the importance of these factors in guiding metaphylaxis and personalized patient management.

Main Methods:

• Review and synthesis of current knowledge on urolithiasis risk factors.
• Categorization of risk factors into modifiable (lifestyle, environmental, microbiome) and non-modifiable (genetics, demographics).

Main Results:

• Modifiable risk factors include diet, fluid intake, occupation, environment, pregnancies, and gut microbiome.
• Non-modifiable factors encompass gender, ethnicity, family history, genetic defects, and calcium/phosphate balance polymorphisms.
• Treatment of associated conditions like metabolic syndrome can decrease urolithiasis risk.

Conclusions:

• Comprehensive knowledge of both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors is essential for effective urolithiasis prevention and recurrence management.
• Personalized patient counseling and follow-up can be achieved by considering individual risk profiles.
• Addressing metabolic syndrome and other associated diseases is a key strategy in urolithiasis care.