Stable L-band multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber laser based on four-wave mixing using nickel nanofluid

A simple continuous-wave multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber laser based on four-wave mixing has been successfully demonstrated utilizing nickel nanofluid (Ni-NF) for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. By fine adjustment of the laser diode pump power up to 196 mW and without any intracavity filtering, stable dual-, triple-, and quadruple-lasing lines in the L-band have been observed at 1595.6 nm, 1596.8 nm, 1598 nm, and 1599.2 nm, respectively, with a signal-to-noise ratio ∼43  dB. The induced L-band wavelengths showed high stability with wavelength shifts <0.07  nm and power fluctuation of <3  dB by monitoring the output spectra for a duration of 30 min at room temperature. Taking into account the superiority of Ni-NF in terms of compactness, low cost, and easy fabrication, this design can be practically used in a variety of nonlinear photonic applications.