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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Intellectual Disability
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Intellectual disability: an Italian perspective.

Giampaolo La Malfa1, Pierluigi Cabras1

  • 1Psychiatrists, Neurologists, Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Science AOU Careggi, University of Florence, Italy, email gplamalfa@videosoft.it.

International Psychiatry : Bulletin of the Board of International Affairs of the Royal College of Psychiatrists
|September 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Italy reformed intellectual disability care after the 1978 Law 180. This law closed psychiatric hospitals and established community-based support systems, marking a significant shift in care approaches.

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Area of Science:

  • Social Sciences
  • Public Health Policy
  • Disability Studies

Background:

  • Italy possesses a historical commitment to disability assistance since the Middle Ages.
  • The nation's approach to intellectual disability is historically segmented into pre- and post-1978 eras.
  • The enactment of Law 180 in 1978 represents a pivotal moment in Italian psychiatric care reform.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the transformative impact of Law 180 on intellectual disability services in Italy.
  • To delineate the shift from institutional psychiatric care to community-based support models.
  • To contextualize contemporary intellectual disability approaches within Italy's historical framework of care.

Main Methods:

  • Historical analysis of legislative changes and policy implementation in Italy.
  • Examination of the transition from psychiatric hospitals to community care systems.
  • Review of the evolution of approaches to intellectual disability support.

Main Results:

  • Law 180 (1978) initiated a radical restructuring of public psychiatric care in Italy.
  • The law mandated the closure of traditional psychiatric hospitals.
  • A comprehensive system of community-based care was established as a replacement.

Conclusions:

  • Law 180 fundamentally altered the landscape of intellectual disability services in Italy.
  • The reform prioritized community integration and deinstitutionalization.
  • This legislative change signifies a major advancement in disability care policy.