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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

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Efficient Red/Near-Infrared-Emissive Carbon Nanodots with Multiphoton Excited Upconversion Fluorescence.

Kai-Kai Liu1, Shi-Yu Song1, Lai-Zhi Sui2

  • 1Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices Key Laboratory of Material Physics Ministry of Education School of Physics and Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 P. R. China.

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Summary

Researchers developed novel red/near-infrared emissive carbon nanodots (CNDs) using a solvent-free method. These CNDs show high quantum yield and multiphoton upconversion fluorescence for advanced bioimaging applications.

Keywords:
carbon nanodotscellular imagingfluorescencemultiphoton excitationred/near‐infrared

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are promising fluorescent nanomaterials.
  • Developing red/near-infrared (NIR) emissive CNDs with high photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) is crucial for bioimaging.
  • Existing synthesis methods often involve solvents and may not achieve efficient NIR emission.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel in situ solvent-free carbonization strategy for preparing red/NIR emissive CNDs.
  • To investigate the multiphoton excited (MPE) upconversion fluorescence properties of these CNDs.
  • To demonstrate the application of these CNDs in cellular imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of red/NIR emissive CNDs via an in situ solvent-free carbonization strategy.
  • Characterization of CNDs' photoluminescence (PL) properties, including PL QY (57%).
  • Evaluation of CNDs' performance in 1-photon and 2-photon cellular imaging and MPE upconversion fluorescence studies across NIR windows (NIR-I, NIR-II, NIR-III).

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized red/NIR emissive CNDs with a high PL QY of 57% for the first time using a solvent-free method.
  • Demonstrated effective 1-photon and 2-photon cellular imaging with low biotoxicity.
  • Observed MPE upconversion fluorescence under 800-2000 nm excitation, including 2-photon, 3-photon, and 4-photon excited fluorescence.

Conclusions:

  • The study presents an efficient in situ solvent-free method for producing red/NIR emissive CNDs.
  • The developed CNDs exhibit excellent PL QY and MPE upconversion fluorescence properties.
  • These findings pave the way for advanced applications of CNDs in bioimaging.