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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes
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Organized Toe Maps in Extreme Foot Users.

Harriet Dempsey-Jones1, Daan B Wesselink2, Jason Friedman3

  • 1Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK.

Cell Reports
|September 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals born without hands can develop organized toe maps that mimic hand representations, suggesting humans may have an innate capacity for forming additional topographic maps with experience.

Keywords:
adaptiveamputeesdeprivationecological behaviorfMRIhandplasticityreorganizationsensorimotorsomatotopy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neuroplasticity
  • Somatosensory research

Background:

  • Topographic maps in the somatosensory cortex are shaped by experience.
  • Individuated toe maps are typically found in non-human primates, not humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if behavior can induce somatotopic maps in atypical locations.
  • To explore the potential for human topographic map plasticity.

Main Methods:

  • 1-mm resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used.
  • The study focused on two individuals using their feet as hands.

Main Results:

  • Organized toe maps, mimicking hand representation, were identified in the study participants.
  • "Hand-like" activity patterns were observed in both the foot and missing hand areas.

Conclusions:

  • Human topographic maps can be expressed in new locations with appropriate experience.
  • This suggests an innate capacity for forming additional somatosensory maps.