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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Isolation, Processing and Analysis of Murine Gingival Cells
Published on: July 2, 2013
Resistance and resilience to experimental gingivitis: a systematic scoping review
Charifa Zemouri1, Nicholas S Jakubovics2, Wim Crielaard1
1Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
This review found that while the oral microbiome shows resilience during experimental gingivitis (EG), immunological and biochemical biomarkers lack clear patterns. More research is needed to identify reliable biomarkers for oral cavity resistance and resilience.
Area of Science:
- Oral biology
- Microbiology
- Immunology
- Biochemistry
Background:
- Experimental gingivitis (EG) studies provide insights into oral cavity responses.
- Understanding biomarker changes during EG can reveal resistance and resilience mechanisms.
- This review focuses on microbiological, immunological, and biochemical markers.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically identify changes in biomarkers during experimental gingivitis.
- To assess potential indicators of resistance and resilience in the oral cavity.
- To evaluate existing literature on EG biomarker alterations.
Main Methods:
- Systematic scoping review of studies on experimental gingivitis.
- Literature search conducted in PubMed from inception to April 2018.
- Inclusion of 22 studies reporting biomarker data during EG induction and resolution phases.
Main Results:
- Microbiota shifts towards pathogenic profiles during EG, followed by a return to normal composition, indicating microbiome resilience.
- Immunological biomarkers (IL-1β, IL-6) increased during induction and decreased below baseline during resolution.
- Biochemical markers (cystatin-SN, cystatin-S, lactoferrin) increased, but patterns were inconsistent across studies.
Conclusions:
- The oral microbiome demonstrates resilience in experimental gingivitis.
- Consistent patterns for immunological and biochemical biomarkers of resistance and resilience are not yet established.
- Further research is required to identify robust biomarkers for oral cavity resistance and resilience.
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