Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

155.6K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
155.6K
Translation01:31

Translation

17.5K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
17.5K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

38.4K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
38.4K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.4K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
27.4K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

6.6K
6.6K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

14.1K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
14.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Author Correction: Structural basis for translational control by the human 48S initiation complex.

Nature structural & molecular biology·2026
Same author

NAC controls nascent chain fate through tunnel sensing and chaperone action.

Nature·2025
Same author

Selective silencing of antibiotic-tethered ribosomes as a resistance mechanism against aminoglycosides.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Mechanisms and Determinants of -1 Ribosome Frameshifting and Bypassing.

Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology·2025
Same author

Cotranslational protein folding through non-native structural intermediates.

Science advances·2025
Same author

Chemical crosslinking extends and complements UV crosslinking in analysis of RNA/DNA nucleic acid-protein interaction sites by mass spectrometry.

Nucleic acids research·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Translation: from mRNA to Protein
01:31

Translation: from mRNA to Protein

155.6K

Translational recoding: canonical translation mechanisms reinterpreted.

Marina V Rodnina1, Natalia Korniy1, Mariia Klimova1

  • 1Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen 37077, Germany.

Nucleic Acids Research
|September 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Messenger RNA (mRNA) recoding allows ribosomes to translate genetic information in non-standard ways, enabling alternative protein products and revealing novel ribosome dynamics.

More Related Videos

Translation
01:31

Translation

17.5K
Initiation of Translation and Initiation Factors
02:33

Initiation of Translation and Initiation Factors

38.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Translation: from mRNA to Protein
01:31

Translation: from mRNA to Protein

155.6K
Translation
01:31

Translation

17.5K
Initiation of Translation and Initiation Factors
02:33

Initiation of Translation and Initiation Factors

38.4K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Canonical translation ensures mRNA-protein sequence collinearity, crucial for proteome integrity.
  • Ribosome errors in decoding or translocation typically yield non-functional proteins.
  • Specific mRNA signals can override standard translation, leading to recoding events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding mRNA recoding mechanisms.
  • To explore the dynamics of stop-codon readthrough, -1 frameshifting, and translational bypassing.
  • To highlight the implications of recoding for alternative translation modes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on mRNA recoding.
  • Analysis of mechanisms underlying stop-codon readthrough.
  • Examination of -1 frameshifting and translational bypassing processes.

Main Results:

  • Recoding signals reprogram ribosome function for alternative mRNA interpretation.
  • Stop-codon readthrough, -1 frameshifting, and translational bypassing are key recoding events.
  • These events generate diverse protein products from a single mRNA.

Conclusions:

  • mRNA recoding offers alternative pathways for protein synthesis.
  • Understanding recoding mechanisms provides insights into ribosome dynamics.
  • Recoding principles may apply to non-canonical translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.