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Related Concept Videos

Mixtures of Acids03:27

Mixtures of Acids

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The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and its initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending upon the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
A Mixture of a Strong Acid and a Weak Acid
In a mixture of a strong acid and a weak acid, the strong acid dissociates completely and becomes a source of almost all the hydronium ions...
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Vapor-liquid Equilibrium11:32

Vapor-liquid Equilibrium

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Source: Michael G. Benton and Kerry M. Dooley, Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
Vapor-liquid equilibrium is paramount in engineering applications such as distillation, environmental modeling, and general process design. Understanding the interactions of components in a mixture is very important in designing, operating and analyzing such separators. The activity coefficient is an excellent tool for relating molecular interactions to mixture...
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Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry16:11

Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

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This article describes an experimental protocol using electrospray-ion mobility-mass spectrometry, semi-empirical quantum calculations, and energy-resolved threshold collision-induced dissociation to measure the relative thermochemistry of the dissociation of related ternary metal...
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Dynamic Equilibrium02:20

Dynamic Equilibrium

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A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...
61.8K
Free Energy and Equilibrium02:56

Free Energy and Equilibrium

27.0K
The free energy change for a process may be viewed as a measure of its driving force. A negative value for ΔG represents a driving force for the process in the forward direction, while a positive value represents a driving force for the process in the reverse direction. When ΔGrxn is zero, the forward and reverse driving forces are equal, and the process occurs in both directions at the same rate (the system is at equilibrium).
Recall that Q is the numerical value of the mass action...
27.0K
Calculating the Equilibrium Constant02:46

Calculating the Equilibrium Constant

37.5K
The equilibrium constant for a reaction is calculated from the equilibrium concentrations (or pressures) of its reactants and products. If these concentrations are known, the calculation simply involves their substitution into the Kc expression.
For example, gaseous nitrogen dioxide forms dinitrogen tetroxide according to this equation:
37.5K

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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry
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Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

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Coupled non-equilibrium fluctuations in a polymeric ternary mixture.

L García-Fernández1,2, P Fruton3, H Bataller3

  • 1Laboratoire des Fluides Complexes et leurs Réservoirs - IPRA, UMR5150, E2S-Univ Pau & Pays Adour/CNRS/Total, 1 Allée du Parc Montaury, 64600, Anglet, France. loreto.garcia-fernandez@univ-pau.fr.

The European Physical Journal. E, Soft Matter
|September 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals distinct relaxation modes in a ternary polymer mixture during thermodiffusion. Researchers measured thermal diffusivity and mass diffusion eigenvalues, advancing theoretical models for non-equilibrium fluctuations.

Keywords:
Topical issue: Thermal Non-Equilibrium Phenomena in Soft Matter

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Vapor-liquid Equilibrium, Activity Coefficient, Fugacity
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Vapor-liquid Equilibrium, Activity Coefficient, Fugacity

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Mixtures of Acids: pH Calculation
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Mixtures of Acids: pH Calculation

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Vapor-liquid Equilibrium, Activity Coefficient, Fugacity
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Mixtures of Acids: pH Calculation
03:27

Mixtures of Acids: pH Calculation

21.5K

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Non-equilibrium fluctuations in complex fluids are crucial for understanding transport phenomena.
  • Thermodiffusion experiments provide insights into coupled heat and mass transfer in mixtures.
  • Polymeric ternary mixtures present unique challenges due to multiple interacting components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate non-equilibrium fluctuations in a polystyrene-toluene-n-hexane ternary mixture under steady-state thermodiffusion.
  • To analyze distinct relaxation modes and their corresponding decay times.
  • To measure thermal diffusivity and mass diffusion eigenvalues and compare experimental data with theoretical predictions.

Main Methods:

  • Dynamic shadowgraphy technique to observe non-equilibrium fluctuations.
  • Analysis of refractive index structure function to identify decay times.
  • Utilizing a thicker sample to minimize confinement effects and a faster camera for observing faster modes.

Main Results:

  • Identified three distinct decay modes corresponding to temperature and concentration fluctuations (solvent and polymer).
  • Measured thermal diffusivity and the two eigenvalues of the mass diffusion matrix.
  • Observed faster, including propagative, modes due to enhanced camera speed.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a comprehensive analysis of non-equilibrium fluctuations in a ternary polymer mixture.
  • Experimental results offer valuable data for validating and refining theoretical models of thermodiffusion.
  • A more complete theoretical model for non-equilibrium fluctuations in ternary mixtures was presented.