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Updated: Jan 19, 2026
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Behavioral Adaptations: Communication Between Animals
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Practitioner Implementation of Communication Intervention With Students With Complex Communication Needs
Natalie R Andzik1, Helen I Cannella-Malone1
1Natalie R. Andzik, Northern Illinois University; and Helen I. Cannella-Malone, The Ohio State University.
American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
|September 13, 2019
Summary
This study shows a pyramidal training model effectively trained teachers to teach paraeducators. This approach significantly increased opportunities to initiate (OTI) for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
Area of Science:
- Special Education
- Applied Behavior Analysis
- Disability Studies
Background:
- Paraeducators require effective training to support students with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
- Opportunities to Initiate (OTI) is a critical skill for students with developmental disabilities.
- Pyramidal training models can be efficient for disseminating evidence-based practices.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate a pyramidal training approach where expert trainers teach teachers to train paraeducators.
- To assess the impact of this training on paraeducators' implementation of Opportunities to Initiate (OTI) and least to most prompting strategies.
- To measure the fidelity and rate of paraeducator-delivered interventions.
Main Methods:
- A multiple baseline design across participants was employed.
- Three special education teachers were trained to train four paraeducators.
- Data were collected on the rate and fidelity of paraeducator-delivered OTI and prompting.
Main Results:
- Paraeducator-delivered OTI increased from 0 to an average of 0.58 instances per minute.
- Fidelity of implementation for OTI and prompting strategies improved from 0% to an average of 94.5%.
- Maintenance of skills was observed in three paraeducators.
Conclusions:
- The pyramidal training model is a cost- and time-effective method for training paraeducators.
- This approach successfully increased the provision of OTI for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
- Educational institutions should consider implementing this training model to enhance staff capacity and student outcomes.
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