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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure
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Longitudinal Relationship Between Time-Out and Child Emotional and Behavioral Functioning.

Rachel M Knight1, Jeremy Albright2, Lindsay Deling3

  • 1Division of Pediatric Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI.

Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : JDBP
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PubMed
Summary

Time-out, a recommended child discipline strategy, was not associated with negative long-term outcomes in children. This study found no significant differences in emotional or behavioral functioning for children whose parents used time-out compared to those who did not.

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Area of Science:

  • Child Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Time-out is a widely recommended child discipline strategy by organizations like the American Academy of Pediatrics.
  • Despite evidence supporting its effectiveness, popular media and some professionals raise concerns about potential harm.
  • Empirical data on the long-term side effects of time-out is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the relationship between reported time-out use and child emotional/behavioral functioning.
  • To investigate the impact of time-out on parent-child relationships.
  • To assess potential long-term side effects of this common discipline strategy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized longitudinal, archival data from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation study.
  • Tracked families and children from infancy (0-3 years) through pre-kindergarten and fifth grade.
  • Collected data via parent interviews on time-out use and child functioning indicators at multiple time points.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences were found in child emotional or behavioral functioning between groups who did and did not use time-out.
  • Parental reported use of time-out showed no association with adverse long-term outcomes.
  • No significant impact was observed on parent-child relationships.

Conclusions:

  • Parental use of time-out is not linked to negative long-term child outcomes.
  • Further research is warranted to address ongoing public and professional concerns.
  • The findings support the continued use of time-out as a discipline strategy.