From upcycled waste polyethylene plastic to graphene/mesoporous carbon for high-voltage supercapacitors

We report a successful design and synthesis method for developing a graphene/mesoporous carbon (G@PE40-MC700) electrode materials from upcycled waste polyethylene (PE) plastic combined with graphene oxide (GO) and flame retardant by low-temperature carbonization at 700 °C. The G@PE40-MC700 exhibits a high surface area (1175 m² g^-1) and a considerable amount of mesopores (2.30 cm³ g^-1), thus improved electrochemical performance in both symmetric and hybrid supercapacitors with wide voltage windows. The hybrid supercapacitor assembled from G@PE40-MC700 as anode and LiMn₂O₄ as cathode operating at 2.0 V in 0.5 M Li₂SO₄ was investigated. The hybrid supercapacitor delivers an energy density of 47.8 Wh kg^-1 at a power density of 250 W kg^-1, as well as high cycling stability of 83.8 % after 5000 cycles. Furthermore, the much higher energy density of 63.3 Wh kg^-1 by using G@PE40-MC700 as electrode material was achieved in high-voltage (4.0 V) symmetric supercapacitors using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIMBF₄) as the electrolyte with enhanced cycling stability of 89.3% after 5000 cycles. The high capacitance and rate capability of G@PE40-MC700 can be attributed to the synergistic effect of graphene and the mesoporous carbon composites. Our work not only offers a sustainable approach to turn waste plastic into valuable carbon materials but also an opportunity for its applications in "gold capacitors."