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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Long Non-coding RNAs: Chromatin Modification, Cell Differentiation & Immune Response
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Non-Coding RNAs in Cartilage Development: An Updated Review.

Ehsan Razmara1, Amirreza Bitaraf2, Hassan Yousefi3

  • 1Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran P.O. Box 14115-111, Iran.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|September 14, 2019
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Summary

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are crucial regulators of endochondral ossification. Understanding their roles in skeletal development and disorders may lead to new epigenetic biomarkers.

Keywords:
cartilage developmentchondrogenesislncRNAsmicroRNAsnon-coding RNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Skeletal Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Endochondral ossification (EO) is the process of bone development from cartilage, regulated by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation and histone modifications are known regulators of EO.
  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), encompassing microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), represent a newly identified layer of EO regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding the role of ncRNAs in endochondral ossification.
  • To highlight the involvement of miRNAs and lncRNAs in cartilage cell differentiation and skeletal disorders.
  • To explore the potential of ncRNAs as epigenetic biomarkers for skeletal diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on ncRNAs in skeletal biology.
  • Discussion of epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) for identifying ncRNA patterns.
  • Synthesis of experimental evidence on ncRNA function in cartilage and bone development.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs, particularly miRNAs and lncRNAs, play significant roles in regulating cartilage cell differentiation during EO.
  • Dysregulation of ncRNAs is implicated in the pathogenesis of skeletal disorders such as osteoarthritis.
  • EWAS are revealing disease-specific ncRNA signatures, suggesting their potential as biomarkers.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs are critical epigenetic regulators of endochondral ossification and skeletal development.
  • Further research into ncRNAs offers new insights into skeletal cell biology and disease mechanisms.
  • ncRNAs hold promise as novel epigenetic biomarkers for skeletal pathologies.