Optimising treatment in the test-and-treat strategy: what are we waiting for?

To move from science to guidelines, more than a decade was spent debating the clinical benefits, public health benefits, client autonomy, ethical conflicts, and adherence challenges for the HIV test-and-treat strategy. 2 years after WHO recommended antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation for all, only 66% of countries reported full implementation. Many countries with the highest HIV burden, with increasing new HIV infections and HIV-related deaths, have not yet adopted or fully implemented the strategy. Whether to implement rapid or same-day ART should not follow the same cycle of debate. Now that there is strong evidence and high policy adoption, the test-and-treat strategy must be implemented as efficiently as possible. More research is needed to optimise-not delay-its implementation.