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Related Concept Videos

The Specification of Telencephalic Glutamatergic Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells10:49

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This procedure yields telencephalic neurons by going through checkpoints which are similar to those observed during human development. The cells are allowed to spontaneously differentiate, are exposed to factors which push them towards the neural lineage, are isolated, and are plated onto coverslips to allow for terminal differentiation and...
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Generating differentiated cell types from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) holds great therapeutic promise but remains challenging. PSCs often exhibit an inherent inability to differentiate even when stimulated with a proper set of signals. Described here is a simple tool to enhance multilineage differentiation across a variety of PSC...
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Culturing Human Pluripotent and Neural Stem Cells in an Enclosed Cell Culture System for Basic and Preclinical Research08:05

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Despite recent advancements in genetic modification, transfection of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) remains a capricious process. To our knowledge, systematic and efficient methods to transfect human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have not been reported. Here, we describe robust protocols to efficiently transfect and nucleofect human...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

The Specification of Telencephalic Glutamatergic Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Cell cycle regulators control mesoderm specification in human pluripotent stem cells.

Loukia Yiangou1,2,3,4, Rodrigo A Grandy1,2, Anna Osnato1,2

  • 1Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|September 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Cell cycle regulators are crucial for mesoderm formation from human stem cells. Inhibiting G1 phase proteins like cyclin-dependent kinases and retinoblastoma protein is essential for efficient mesoderm development.

Keywords:
RB transcriptional corepressor 1 (RB1)cell cyclecyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)differentiationembryo developmentgene expressionmesodermpluripotencysignalingstem cellstissue regeneration

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Last Updated: Jan 19, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Cell Cycle Regulation

Background:

  • The mesoderm, a primary germ layer, gives rise to vital tissues including muscle, bone, and the cardiovascular system.
  • Understanding mesoderm specification is key for regenerative medicine and treating diseases affecting mesodermal tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of cell cycle regulation in human mesoderm formation using pluripotent stem cells.
  • To identify specific cell cycle phases and regulators critical for differentiating various mesoderm subtypes.

Main Methods:

  • Human pluripotent stem cells were differentiated into lateral plate, cardiac, and presomitic mesoderm.
  • Small molecules and conditional gene knockdown were used to inhibit G1 and G2/M cell cycle phase proteins.
  • Key developmental signaling pathways, including BMP and FGF/ERK, were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • G1 phase regulators, such as cyclin-dependent kinases and retinoblastoma protein (pRb), are essential for mesoderm formation in a context-dependent manner.
  • Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (a G2/M regulator) reduced bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling during lateral plate mesoderm formation.
  • Fibroblast growth factor/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (FGF/ERK1/2) activity was decreased across all mesoderm subtypes upon G2/M inhibition.

Conclusions:

  • Cell cycle regulators play a direct role in directing mesoderm formation.
  • These regulators influence mesoderm development by modulating the activity of critical developmental signaling pathways like BMP and FGF/ERK.