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Related Concept Videos

Threats to Biodiversity01:50

Threats to Biodiversity

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There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...
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What is Biodiversity?01:19

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Biodiversity describes the variety of living things at multiple organizational levels: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Species diversity includes all branches of the evolutionary tree from single-celled prokaryotic organisms, bacteria, and archaea, to the eukaryotic kingdoms: plants; animals; fungi; and protists. To date, there have been about 1.75 million species identified, and new species are discovered every week.
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What is Evolutionary History?02:35

What is Evolutionary History?

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Scientists record evolutionary history by analyzing fossil, morphological, and genetic data. The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth and provides evidence for evolution. However, both fossil and living organisms offer evidence that outlines Earth’s evolutionary history.
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Making a Geologic Cross Section08:55

Making a Geologic Cross Section

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Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Geologic maps were first made and utilized in Europe, in the mid-to-late 18th century. Ever since, they have been an important part of geological investigations all around the world that strive to understand rock distributions on the surface of the earth, in the subsurface, and their modification through time. A modern geologic map is a data-rich representation of rocks and rock-structures in a two-dimensional plan view. The...
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Biodiversity and Human Values01:24

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Human civilization relies on biodiversity in many ways. Sudden changes in species biodiversity result in environmental changes that can modify weather patterns and therefore human civilizations.
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Measuring Biodiversity07:49

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Quadrats and Transects
ExpandIn this activity, you will be using quadrats along transect lines to take biodiversity measurements of the plant species in three distinct habitats near your classroom. Begin by splitting into groups. Four works best.
Select one person in your group to be the data recorder. The other three will be the data collectors.
Next, take one quadrat, or hula hoop, per group and place it on one side of one transect, or rope, next to a knot to allow identification of the plant...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Threats to Biodiversity: Natural Factors and Human Activities
01:50

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Building mountain biodiversity: Geological and evolutionary processes.

Carsten Rahbek1,2,3, Michael K Borregaard4, Alexandre Antonelli5,6

  • 1Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. crahbek@snm.ku.dk.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Mountain biodiversity is exceptionally high due to evolutionary processes and unique geology. Preserving these unique mountain ecosystems is crucial for global biodiversity conservation.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Geology

Background:

  • Mountain regions are hotspots of biodiversity, harboring numerous endemic species.
  • Mountains influence surrounding ecosystems through climate regulation and nutrient exchange.
  • High species diversity in mountains results from complex evolutionary and ecological interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the drivers of high biodiversity in mountain regions.
  • To understand the interplay of evolutionary mechanisms and geological factors in shaping mountain ecosystems.
  • To highlight the significance of preserving mountain biodiversity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of evolutionary mechanisms such as speciation rates and lineage persistence.
  • Investigation of the role of long-term climate change and landscape dynamics.
  • Examination of the link between bedrock geology, particularly mafic and ultramafic rocks, and plant physiology.

Main Results:

  • Mountain biodiversity is shaped by enhanced speciation and lineage coexistence.
  • Topographical dynamism and climatic changes are key evolutionary drivers.
  • Geological factors, especially specific rock types (mafic and ultramafic), influence plant physiology and contribute to diversity.

Conclusions:

  • Mountain biodiversity is a product of deep-time evolutionary and ecological processes.
  • Unique geological compositions in mountains create specific physiological requirements for plants, fostering diversity.
  • The preservation of mountain biodiversity is essential due to its evolutionary significance and ecological roles.