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Related Concept Videos

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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.
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The titration of a weak acid with a strong base results in the formation of water and the conjugate base of the acid. For instance, titrating acetic acid with sodium hydroxide leads to the formation of water and sodium acetate. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate constitutes a buffer whose relative concentration at different stages of the titration is indicated by the α values, which represent percentages of the weak acid and its conjugate base.
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Visualizing Angiogenesis by Multiphoton Microscopy In Vivo in Genetically Modified 3D-PLGA/nHAp Scaffold for Calvarial Critical Bone Defect Repair09:34

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Here, we present a protocol to visualize blood vessel formation in vivo and in real-time in 3D scaffolds by multiphoton microscopy. Angiogenesis in genetically modified scaffolds was studied in a murine calvarial critical bone defect model. More new blood vessels were detected in the treatment group than in controls.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Performing Intracochlear Electrocochleography During Cochlear Implantation
09:10

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Intracochlear PLGA based implants for dexamethasone release: Challenges and solutions.

E Lehner1, D Gündel2, A Liebau3

  • 1Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X
|September 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biodegradable implants deliver drugs directly to the inner ear, overcoming challenges in treating cochlear diseases. This new approach ensures sustained drug release for extended periods, offering a promising therapeutic option.

Keywords:
Biodegradable polymerCochleaControlled releaseDexamethasoneImplantPLGA

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Otolaryngology
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Inner ear disease treatment remains a significant unmet medical need.
  • Local, controlled drug delivery to the cochlea is challenging due to its anatomy and sensitivity.
  • Intracochlear drug delivery offers advantages over extracochlear methods but requires specialized devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize biodegradable implants for controlled intracochlear drug delivery.
  • To evaluate the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of these implants for safe surgical handling and implantation.
  • To assess the potential for sustained drug release and therapeutic efficacy in the inner ear.

Main Methods:

  • Biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) extrudates loaded with dexamethasone were fabricated.
  • Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was incorporated as a plasticizer to achieve desired flexibility.
  • In vitro characterization included drug release studies, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and texture analysis.
  • Ex vivo implantation in guinea pig cochleae and computer tomography (CT) were used for evaluation.

Main Results:

  • Dexamethasone-loaded PLGA extrudates demonstrated controlled drug release profiles.
  • PEG incorporation provided a balance of mechanical strength and flexibility suitable for intracochlear implantation.
  • Pharmacokinetic simulations predicted sustained therapeutic drug levels in perilymph for several weeks.
  • Ex vivo studies confirmed the feasibility of direct intracochlear implantation without causing trauma.

Conclusions:

  • Biodegradable, flexible implants offer a promising new strategy for intracochlear drug delivery.
  • This approach addresses the challenges of treating inner ear diseases with localized, sustained drug release.
  • Intracochlear implants represent a novel and potentially effective method for managing cochlear pathologies.