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Proactive control of affective distraction: Experience-based but not expectancy-based.

Constantin Schmidts1, Anna Foerster1, Thomas Kleinsorge1

  • 1University of Würzburg, Germany.

Cognition
|September 15, 2019
PubMed
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Frequent exposure to unpleasant stimuli, or affective distraction, helps control attention. However, expecting future distractions does not improve this ability, suggesting context-based adjustments rather than explicit control.

Keywords:
AffectAttentionEmotion regulationProactive control

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Affective Science

Background:

  • Unpleasant stimuli can disrupt cognitive processes, even when irrelevant to the task.
  • Proactive control mechanisms are investigated to mitigate these affective disturbances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine if frequent affective distraction or cueing can proactively control attentional responses to unpleasant stimuli.
  • To determine the effectiveness of experience-based versus expectation-based control.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a letter classification task under varying conditions of distractor picture valence (neutral vs. negative).
  • Experimental manipulations included the proportion of negative distractors (low vs. high) and cue informativeness for upcoming distractor valence.
  • Three experiments were conducted with a total of 114 participants.

Main Results:

  • Experience with frequent affective distraction effectively shielded information processing from negative stimuli.
  • Cueing of upcoming distractor valence did not provide a similar protective effect.
  • Attentional control settings for affective distraction appear to be context-adjusted rather than explicitly controlled.

Conclusions:

  • Proactive control of affective distraction is possible through experience with the context.
  • Explicit top-down control over attentional responses to affective stimuli is limited.
  • Adaptation to the distractor environment, rather than predictive cueing, facilitates cognitive performance amidst affective interference.