Preparation and characterization of TiO₂ generated from synthetic wastewater using TiCl₄ based...

This study focused on the preparation of undoped and Ca-doped titania from flocculation generated sludge. Initially, TiCl₄ was utilised to perform coagulation and flocculation in synthetic wastewater and an optimised dose of coagulant was determined by evaluating the turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and zeta potential of the treated water. Later, using Ca(OH)₂ as a coagulant aid, the effects on effluent pH, turbidity and DOC removal were investigated. Both Ca-doped and undoped anatase TiO₂ were prepared from the flocculated sludge for morphological and photocatalytic evaluation. During the standalone use of TiCl₄, maximum turbidity and DOC removal were found at 11.63 and 14.54 mg Ti/L, respectively. At the corresponding coagulant dose, rapid deprotonation of water caused the pH of the effluent to reach below 3.77 mg Ti/L. Whereas, when using Ca(OH)₂ as a coagulant aid, a neutral pH (7.26) was attained at a simultaneous dosing of 32.40 mg Ca/L and 14.54 mg Ti/L. When aided with Ca(OH)₂, the turbidity removal was further increased by 54.28% and the DOC removal was somewhat similar to the standalone use of TiCl₄. TiO₂ was prepared by incinerating the collected sludge at 600 °C for 2 h. Both XRD and SEM analysis were conducted to observe the morphology of the prepared titania. The XRD pattern of the TiO₂ showed only an anatase phase along with the presence of a high atomic proportion of Ca (4.14%). Consequently, a high amount of Ca atoms inhibited the level of TiO₂ phase and no obvious presence of CaO was observed. The prepared Ca-doped TiO₂ at the optimised dose of Ca(OH)₂ was found to be inferior to the undoped TiO₂ during the photodegradation of acetaldehyde. However, a reduced dose of Ca(OH)₂ (<15 mg Ca/L) exhibited a substantial increase in photoactivity under UV irradiance.