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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents
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An amygdala-cingulate network underpins changes in effort-based decision making after a fitness program.

Javier Bernacer1, Ivan Martinez-Valbuena1, Martin Martinez2

  • 1University of Navarra, Institute for Culture and Society (ICS), Mind-Brain Group, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.

Neuroimage
|September 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Acquiring healthy habits, like becoming more active, reduces the impact of effort on decisions. This shift involves changes in brain activity, particularly between the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex, influencing value-based choices.

Keywords:
Effort discountingNeurocomputationPhysical exerciseRisk discountingSubjective value

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Decision Science
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Human decision-making involves discounting rewards based on delay, risk, and effort.
  • Neural mechanisms for effort-based decision-making are known, but changes with healthy habit acquisition are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate neural changes in decision-making after transitioning from sedentary to active lifestyles.
  • To understand how effort discounting is affected by acquiring healthy habits.

Main Methods:

  • fMRI scans and behavioral assessments of sedentary volunteers before and after a 3-month fitness plan.
  • Analysis of effort discounting using a hyperbolic decaying function and logistic mixed models.
  • Examination of functional activity and connectivity in brain regions like the anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala.

Main Results:

  • Effort cost's impact on decisions significantly reduced after the fitness plan.
  • A decrease in the explanatory power of effort over time was observed.
  • Strengthened functional connectivity between the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex post-habit acquisition.
  • Marginally significant disruption in anterior cingulate effort-cost activity.

Conclusions:

  • Transitioning to an active lifestyle alters value-based decision-making processes.
  • The amygdala-cingulate interplay is crucial as effort's influence on decisions diminishes.
  • Habit formation can reshape neural responses to effort and reward.