Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

How Children Solve Problems Using Causal Reasoning06:23

How Children Solve Problems Using Causal Reasoning

14.3K
Source: Laboratories of Judith Danovitch and Nicholaus Noles—University of Louisville
Imagine a young child hears an adult say, “I want to watch the news,” then watches the adult press a button on the remote control. A moment later, the television screen turns on. The next day, the child wants to turn on the television screen to watch cartoons. How does the child know what to do? Is it enough to say, “I want to watch cartoons,” or is pushing the button on the...
14.3K
Causality in Epidemiology01:21

Causality in Epidemiology

1.5K
Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...
1.5K
Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice19:32

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

52.7K
This article presents a protocol for a contextual and cued fear conditioning test using a video analyzing system to assess fear learning and memory in...
52.7K
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course11:33

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

43.9K
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for non-invasively disrupting neural information processing and measuring its effect on behavior. When TMS interferes with a task, it indicates that the stimulated brain region is necessary for normal task performance, allowing one to systematically relate brain regions to cognitive...
43.9K
Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II01:28

Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II

1.2K
The Bradford Hill criteria serve as guidelines for establishing causative links in epidemiological research. Beyond Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality, key criteria also include Biological Gradient, Plausibility, Coherence, Experiment, and Analogy. These principles assist scientists in assessing the likelihood of causation in complex biological contexts. Below is a summary of these concepts:
1.2K
Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - I01:30

Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - I

1.0K
The Bradford Hill criteria are a group of principles that provide a framework to determine a causal relationship between a specific factor and a disease. There are nine criteria that are pivotal in assessing causality in epidemiological studies. Here's a closer look at Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality criteria with definitions and examples:
1.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Congruency drives "conflict adaptation" independent of conflict: Converging evidence from behavior and computational modeling.

Cognitive psychology·2026
Same author

Positive eFAST-Not so FAST.

Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open·2026
Same author

Sensitivity and Bias in Face-Emotion Labeling: Replication and Extension to Youth With Irritability and Anxiety.

JAACAP open·2026
Same author

An update to the global Critical Habitat screening layer.

Scientific data·2025
Same author

Encouraging unitary and compositional representations for relational concept learning.

Cognition·2025
Same author

Lightning Impacts on Global Forest and Carbon Dynamics: Current Understanding and Knowledge Gaps.

Global change biology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

How Children Solve Problems Using Causal Reasoning
06:23

How Children Solve Problems Using Causal Reasoning

Published on: April 30, 2023

14.3K

Relating causal and probabilistic approaches to contextuality.

Matt Jones1

  • 1Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|September 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces model-based contextuality (M-contextuality) using probabilistic causal models to explain inconsistent connectedness. M-contextuality is proven equivalent to contextuality-by-default (CbD), offering a new interpretation of CbD-contextuality.

Keywords:
contextualitycontextuality-by-defaultdirect influenceprobabilistic causal models

More Related Videos

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice
19:32

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

Published on: March 1, 2014

52.7K
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course
11:33

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Published on: July 18, 2014

43.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 19, 2026

How Children Solve Problems Using Causal Reasoning
06:23

How Children Solve Problems Using Causal Reasoning

Published on: April 30, 2023

14.3K
Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice
19:32

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

Published on: March 1, 2014

52.7K
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course
11:33

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Published on: July 18, 2014

43.9K

Area of Science:

  • Theoretical Physics
  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Probability Theory

Background:

  • Recent research aims to extend contextuality to inconsistent connectedness.
  • Existing frameworks struggle with varying observable distributions across contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a solution for contextuality in inconsistent connectedness using probabilistic causal models.
  • To demonstrate the equivalence between the proposed framework and contextuality-by-default (CbD).
  • To provide a new interpretation of CbD-contextuality.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing probabilistic causal models, an extension of hidden-variables theories.
  • Defining direct influence causally as the probability of latent states where context change affects measurement outcomes.
  • Introducing model-based contextuality (M-contextuality) based on the necessity of direct influences for modeling.

Main Results:

  • M-contextuality is shown to be equivalent to standard contextuality for consistently connected systems.
  • For general systems, M-contextuality is equivalent to the presence of 'hidden influences' (oppositely directed influences for different latent states).
  • M-contextuality is proven equivalent to CbD-contextuality.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed M-contextuality offers a new causal interpretation of CbD-contextuality.
  • CbD-contextuality can be understood as the non-existence of a model without hidden direct influences.
  • This work formalizes the 'no-conspiracy' principle within a causal framework.