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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

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Chromium speciation using paper-based analytical devices by direct determination and with electromembrane

Waleed Alahmad1, Puttaruksa Varanusupakul1, Takashi Kaneta2

  • 1Chemical Approaches for Food Applications Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Analytica Chimica Acta
|September 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study presents three novel methods for chromium speciation in water using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). The single electromembrane extraction (SEME) method demonstrated superior sensitivity and accuracy for detecting chromium species.

Keywords:
Colorimetric detectionElectromembrane microextractionHexavalent chromiumMicrofluidic paper-based analytical devicesTrivalent chromium

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Accurate chromium speciation is crucial for environmental monitoring and human health risk assessment.
  • Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) offer a low-cost, portable platform for chemical analysis.
  • Existing methods for chromium speciation can be complex and time-consuming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and compare three distinct methods for chromium speciation in water samples using μPADs.
  • To evaluate the efficiency and sensitivity of different electromembrane extraction techniques coupled with μPADs.
  • To establish a reliable and accurate method for the quantitative analysis of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in water.

Main Methods:

  • Development of three μPAD-based methods for chromium speciation, including batch oxidation, dual electromembrane extraction (DEME), and single electromembrane extraction (SEME).
  • Utilized diphenylcarbazide for colorimetric detection of Cr(VI) on μPADs, with prior oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) using Ce(IV).
  • Employed octanol-1 and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP) in octanol-1 as supported liquid membranes for selective chromium species extraction via electrokinetic migration.

Main Results:

  • The single electromembrane extraction (SEME) method exhibited the lowest limits of detection for both Cr(III) (1.0 μg/L) and Cr(VI) (0.7 μg/L).
  • Linear calibration curves were achieved for Cr(III) (3-30 μg/L) and Cr(VI) (3-70 μg/L) under optimized conditions.
  • The developed SEME-μPAD method showed excellent agreement with the standard inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) method for real water sample analysis.

Conclusions:

  • The SEME coupled with μPADs provides a highly sensitive, accurate, and efficient platform for chromium speciation in water samples.
  • This approach offers a promising alternative to conventional analytical techniques for on-site environmental monitoring.
  • The developed method facilitates the reliable quantification of both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) at trace levels.