Highly soluble fluorine containing Cu(i) AlkylPyrPhos TADF complexes
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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Synthesis of a Water-soluble Metal–Organic Complex Array
Published on: October 8, 2016
Jasmin M Busch1, Daniel M Zink1, Patrick Di Martino-Fumo2
1Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. braese@kit.edu.
Abstract:
Luminescent Cu(i) AlkylPyrPhos complexes with a butterfly-shaped Cu2I2 core and halogen containing ancillary ligands, with a special focus on fluorine, have been investigated in this study. These complexes show extremely high solubilities and a remarkable (photo)chemical stability in a series of solvents. A tunable emission resulting from thermally activated delayed fluorescence with high quantum yields was determined by luminescence and lifetime investigations in solvents and solids. Structures of the electronic ground states were analyzed by single crystal X-ray analysis. The structure of the lowest excited triplet state was determined by transient FTIR spectroscopy, in combination with quantum chemical calculations. With the obtained range of compounds we address the key requirement for the production of organic light emitting diodes based on solution processing.
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As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute and solvent species. Unlike solid and liquid solutes, however, there is no solute-solute intermolecular attraction to overcome when a gaseous solute dissolves in a liquid solvent since the atoms or molecules comprising a gas are far separated and experience negligible interactions. Consequently, solute-solvent interactions are the sole...
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Solubility describes how much of a solute can dissolve in a given volume of a specific solvent. Solubility is usually reported in terms of solute mass per solvent volume or solute mass per solvent mass. For example, the solubility of sodium chloride in water at room temperature is reported as 36 g per 100 mL of water. If solubility is reported in solute mass per solvent mass, the solvent mass will need to be converted to volume for further calculations.
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A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
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