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Updated: Jan 19, 2026
Reflection; Refraction; Snell's Law and Total Internal Reflection
Published on: April 30, 2023
Origins of Refractive Errors: Environmental and Genetic Factors
Elise N Harb1, Christine F Wildsoet1
1School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; email: harbe@berkeley.edu, wildsoet@berkeley.edu.
Abstract:
Refractive errors are the product of a mismatch between the axial length of the eye and its optical power, creating blurred vision. Uncorrected refractive errors are the second leading cause of worldwide blindness. One refractive error currently attracting significant scientific interest is myopia, mostly owing to the recent rise in its prevalence worldwide and associated ocular disease burden. This increase in myopia prevalence has also been rapid, suggesting environmental influences in addition to any genetic influences on eye growth. This review defines refractive errors, describes their prevalence, and presents evidence for the influence of genetic and environmental factors related to refractive error development.
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