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Foot Angle and Loading Rate during Running Demonstrate a Nonlinear Relationship.

Mikel R Stiffler-Joachim1,2, Christa M Wille1,2,3, Stephanie A Kliethermes1

  • 1Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.

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The relationship between foot inclination angle (FIA) and vertical loading rates is complex. A cubic model, not a linear one, best describes how FIA affects average vertical loading rate (AVLR) in runners.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Running Mechanics
  • Injury Prevention

Background:

  • Forefoot striking is often linked to lower vertical loading rates and reduced injury risk.
  • Previous research using linear models suggests foot inclination angle (FIA) is a poor predictor of vertical loading rate (VLR).
  • A more complex, nonlinear association between FIA and VLR may exist.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if a nonlinear model better represents the relationship between FIA and average vertical loading rate (AVLR).
  • To examine the influence of sex and sport on the FIA-AVLR association.

Main Methods:

  • Collected whole-body kinematics and ground reaction forces from 170 NCAA Division I athletes running at various speeds.
  • Calculated foot inclination angle (FIA) and average vertical loading rate (AVLR) from 15 strides per limb.
  • Utilized polynomial mixed-effects models to assess linear and nonlinear trends, controlling for sex and sport.

Main Results:

  • The cubic model provided a significantly better fit than the linear model for the FIA-AVLR relationship (P < 0.001).
  • Average vertical loading rate was lowest at extreme FIA values (-15°, 20°) and highest between 5° and 10°.
  • AVLR variability was greater for rearfoot and midfoot strikes compared to forefoot strikes.

Conclusions:

  • A cubic model best describes the relationship between FIA and AVLR.
  • FIA should be analyzed as a continuous variable, as categorization may distort findings.
  • Understanding this nonlinear relationship is crucial for interpreting running biomechanics and injury risk.