[Incentive for endoscopic surveillance of advanced preneoplastic lesions of the stomach]

Transesophageal ultrasound (EUS-B) is a safe and feasible procedure using the echoendobronchoscope (EBUS) in esophagus and stomach. After identifying six anatomical landmarks, additional structures can be identified and biopsied, sparing subsequent diagnostic sessions. Thus, EUS-B is an ideal continuation of bronchoscopy and EBUS in diagnosing lung cancer and other...

Hypothalamic hamartomas are rare, non-neoplastic congenital malformations mainly arising from the inferior hypothalamus or tuber cinereum. Surgical treatment is one of the most effective options, and the surgical approach must be precisely determined for each patient. Here, we describe the full-endoscopic technique for resecting hypothalamic...

Laser microirradiation is a useful tool for studies of DNA repair in living cells. A methodological approach for the use of UVA lasers to induce various DNA lesions is shown. We have optimized a method for local microirradiation that maintains the normal cell cycle; thus, irradiated cells proceed through...

The use of pigs in research has increased in recent years. Nevertheless, pigs are characterized by difficult airway anatomy. By demonstrating how to perform endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, the present protocol aims to further increase laboratory animals' safety to avoid animal suffering and unnecessary...

The human body carefully regulates the internal pH of different organs to maintain homeostasis. For example, while the blood plasma maintains a neutral pH of 7, the stomach lumen has an acidic pH of 1.5 - 3.5. The low pH of stomach lumen helps kill pathogens in the food and break down complex food molecules.
The acid-secreting gastric mucosal epithelial cells (parietal cells) lining the stomach lumen maintain the low pH in the lumen. Numerous ion transporters and channels on these parietal...

The stomach comprises several layers that work together to facilitate digestion and protect the organ. The outermost layer is called the serosa, which provides support and protection to the stomach. The muscularis externa layer is responsible for the mechanical breakdown of food by contracting and moving the stomach. The submucosa layer, located beneath the muscularis externa, contains connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and glands that secrete mucus and other substances essential for...