Function of Upper Extremity Human Lymphatics Assessed by Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging

Knowledge of functional parameters that can be used for evaluation of upper extremity lymphatic function is limited. This study aims to evaluate near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging for evaluation of lymphatic function in the human arm. Ten healthy male volunteers (age 25.7 ± 1.3 years) were included and examined at two occasions. The lymphatic functional frequency and velocity were examined at baseline, during hyperthermia and after exercise. In addition, the maximum pressure generated by contraction of the lymphatic vessels was estimated. The mean contraction frequency was found to be 0.9 ± 0.4/min, and the mean velocity of the propulsions was 1.1 ± 0.3 cm/s. The average maximal pressure generated by the contraction of the lymphatic vessels was 59 ± 12 mmHg. No significant difference in frequency, velocity, or pumping pressure was found between the two visits (p > 0.05). Local hyperthermia increased contraction frequency significantly, whereas exercise decreased frequency and increased propulsion velocity. The functional lymphatic parameters evaluated by NIRF imaging showed good repeatability with no significant difference between visits. Future examinations should be conducted with standardization of temperature and exercise, as these parameters were shown to alter lymphatic function.