Understanding time perception through non-invasive brain stimulation techniques: A review of studies

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Cognitive Neuroscience
• Psychophysics

Background:

• Understanding the neural basis of time perception is crucial for cognitive neuroscience.
• Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques offer valuable tools for investigating brain function.
• Previous research using fMRI has identified brain regions involved in temporal processing.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electric stimulation (TES) studies on time perception.
• To critically discuss the application of non-invasive brain stimulation in the study of temporal processing.
• To elucidate the neural networks underlying time perception across different interval durations and modalities.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electric stimulation (TES) studies.
• Analysis of findings related to time perception, focusing on sub-second and supra-second intervals.
• Critical evaluation of stimulation methods, specificity, limitations, and criticisms.

Main Results:

• Neural processing of time relies on widely distributed brain networks.
• Cerebellum and auditory cortex are critical for sub-second interval estimation, irrespective of modality.
• Prefrontal cortex areas are involved in supra-second interval processing and tasks integrating time with other cognitive functions.

Conclusions:

• The contribution of brain networks to temporal processing is dynamic, depending on interval duration, cognitive set, and stimulus modality.
• TMS studies did not confirm fMRI findings regarding the supplementary motor area's role in sub-second timing.
• Non-invasive brain stimulation provides critical insights into the complex neural mechanisms of time perception.