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Related Concept Videos

Gain01:15

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Gain and phase shift are properties of linear circuits that describe the effect a circuit has on a sinusoidal input voltage or current. The circuit's behavior that contains reactive elements will depend on the frequency of the input sinusoid. As a result, it is observed that the gain and phase shift will all be frequency functions.
Gain:
Suppose Vin is the input and Vout is the output signal to a circuit.
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Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation07:26

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Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane07:24

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The methodology explored visual and vestibular contributions to gaze stabilization during optokinetic and whole-body rotations. Stimulations were carried out through visual, vestibular, and visuovestibular trials. Torsional eye-movement gain and nystagmus frequencies served as indicators for the subcortical relay of sensory-specific motion information towards the reflexive brainstem response for each trial.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation
07:26

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Published on: November 26, 2019

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Eye pupil signals information gain.

Alexandre Zénon1

  • 1INCIA, CNRS, Bordeaux, France.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
|September 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Pupil dilation reflects cognitive processes by quantifying information processing. This framework explains pupillary responses to mental effort, decision-making, and learning using information theory and Kullback-Leibler divergence.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Pupil diameter is a physiological measure linked to arousal and cognitive states.
  • Existing research shows pupil dilation correlates with various cognitive processes like attention, effort, and decision-making.
  • A unified theoretical framework explaining these diverse pupillary responses is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an information-theoretic framework explaining pupillary responses as a reflection of information processing.
  • To unify diverse findings on pupillary dilation to cognition under a single theoretical model.
  • To provide a theoretical basis for future research on pupillometry and cognition.

Main Methods:

  • Developing a framework based on information theory, specifically Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence, to quantify internal model updates.
Keywords:
arousalcognitive neurosciencecomputational neuroscienceinformation theorypsychopysiologypupillometry

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation
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Published on: August 22, 2025

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  • Analyzing pupillary responses in relation to information content of stimuli and task variables.
  • Formalizing pupillary responses to mental effort, decision-making uncertainty, and tonic pupil size within the information-theoretic framework.
  • Comparing empirical pupillary data with information-theoretic simulations.

    • Main Results:

    • Pupillary response is proportional to the information a stimulus carries about itself and other task variables.
    • Pupil dilation during decision-making is explained by evidence accumulation variability and summed KL divergences.
    • The framework successfully formalizes pupillary responses to mental effort and tonic pupil size.
    • Simulations based on the information-theoretic framework show good correspondence with existing pupillary data.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed information-theoretic framework offers a unified explanation for pupillary responses across various cognitive processes.
    • Pupillary dilation can be understood as a direct index of information processing and internal model updating (KL divergence).
    • This framework provides a valuable tool for interpreting pupillometry data and guiding future research in cognitive science.