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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
Published on: August 12, 2013
Water-in-salt electrolytes for aqueous lithium-ion batteries with liquidus temperatures below -10 °C
Maximilian Becker1, Ruben-Simon Kühnel2, Corsin Battaglia2
1Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland. ruben-simon.kuehnel@empa.ch and ETH Zurich, Department of Materials, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
Abstract:
Crystallization near room temperature is a common challenge for water-in-salt electrolytes. We demonstrate that water-in-salt electrolytes based on lithium (pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide remain thermodynamically in the liquid state down to at least -10 °C. Combined with their excellent chemical and electrochemical stability as well as high lithium-ion conductivity, these electrolytes represent a key enabler for the next generation of high-voltage aqueous lithium-ion batteries.
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