Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Following Caesarean Section: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

While caesarean section (CS) can be a lifesaving intervention when performed in a timely manner to overcome dystocia or other complications, it is a traumatic event and may increase the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). No attempt has been made to assess prevalence of PTSD after CS specifically. This study aimed to quantify pooled prevalence of PTSD after CS through a systematic review and meta-analysis. MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and CINAHL were searched using PTSD terms crossed with CS terms. Studies were included if they reported the prevalence of PTSD after CS using an instrument based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-criteria to identify PTSD. The pooled prevalence was then estimated by meta-analysis in overall eligible studies and in subgroups. Nine studies were included with a total of 1,134 postpartum women, of which 136 were identified as having PTSD. Pooled prevalence of PTSD after CS was 10.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.0-20.2). Pooled prevalence of PTSD after emergency CS (10.3% [95% CI: 1.7-24.9]) was higher than that after elective CS (7.1% [95% CI: 0.7-19.4]), but the difference was not statistically significant. Subgroup analysis showed that pooled prevalence of PTSD after CS differed according to study setting, time interval of PTSD assessment, and type of participants. Meta-regression analysis showed that study setting and type of study participants were significant sources of heterogeneity. Women with CS apparently have higher rates of PTSD as compared with women without CS. However, the susceptibility to PTSD appears to vary based on emergency/elective CS, study methodology, self-perceived traumatic birth, and country of study. Further targeted research is needed to elucidate the role of these factors in relationship between CS and PTSD.