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Related Concept Videos

Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...
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Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps01:15

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To wash hands properly, follow these steps:
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Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps01:19

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The pre-procedure steps of handwashing include removing jewelry and rolling up sleeves. However, many organizations allow staff to wear wedding rings.
The hand washing procedure itself includes the following steps. First, cover cuts, if any, on hands with a waterproof dressing. Cuts and abrasions can become contaminated with bacteria hindering the ability to clean the area thoroughly. In addition, repeated hand washing can worsen an injury.  The nails must be short and clean, without nail...
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Handwashing I: Introduction and Types of Equipment01:18

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Handwashing is hand hygiene with plain or antimicrobial soap and water to physically remove dirt, organic material, and microorganisms. However, it may not kill all microorganisms. The handwashing procedure requires a hand wash basin, liquid soap, paper towels, a domestic waste bin, and disposable nail cleaner as optional equipment.
Hand wash basins in clinical areas should have faucets that can be turned on and off without using the hands; that is, they should be non-touch or lever-operated....
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Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols02:32

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

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Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of similar...
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Techniques of therapeutic communication I: Active Listening, Sharing Observations, Validation, and Using Touch01:15

Techniques of therapeutic communication I: Active Listening, Sharing Observations, Validation, and Using Touch

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The history of therapeutic communication can be traced back to Florence Nightingale, who emphasized the importance of developing trusting relationships with patients. She taught that the presence of nurses with patients results in therapeutic healing.
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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens
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Nursing preference for alcohol-based hand rub volume.

Richard A Martinello1,2, James W Arbogast3, Kerri Guercia2

  • 1Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology
|September 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nurses preferred an average of 1.09 mL of alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR), a volume similar to automated dispensers. Dose decreased with more frequent use, and hand size did not influence preference, indicating potential for further research into optimal ABHR application.

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Area of Science:

  • Healthcare-associated infections
  • Infection control practices
  • Hand hygiene compliance

Background:

  • Alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) effectiveness is linked to drying time, influenced by applied volume.
  • Significant variability exists in ABHR volumes used by healthcare professionals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the preferred volume of ABHR used by nurses during hand hygiene events.
  • To investigate factors influencing ABHR volume selection among nursing staff.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective observational study in 8 tertiary-care hospital units.
  • Nurses used pocket-sized ABHR bottles with cap-based usage tracking.
  • Average ABHR volume calculated via bottle mass changes and cap data.

Main Results:

  • 53 nurses participated; 140 shifts analyzed. Average ABHR dose was 1.09 mL.
  • Non-ICU nurses used slightly more ABHR (1.18 mL) than ICU nurses (0.96 mL), not statistically significant.
  • ABHR dose volume decreased significantly with increased applications per shift (0.006 mL less per use).

Conclusions:

  • Average ABHR dose aligns with hospital automated dispensers (1.1 mL).
  • ABHR volume inversely correlated with application frequency; not correlated with hand size.
  • Further research needed on ABHR volume preferences and automated dispenser risks for larger hands.