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The Association between Resting Heart Rate and Urinary Albumin/Creatinine Ratio in Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese
Wenfeng Mao1,2, Xinye Jin1, Haibin Wang1
1Department of Endocrinology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China.
Insights
Higher resting heart rate (RHR) is linked to increased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR), a marker of kidney injury, in individuals with normal blood pressure and glucose tolerance. This association highlights potential early kidney damage indicators in the general population.
Area of Science:
- Nephrology
- Cardiology
- Public Health
Background:
- Resting heart rate (RHR) is a known cardiovascular disease risk factor.
- The association between RHR and chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires further investigation.
- Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) serves as an early indicator of kidney injury.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the relationship between RHR and UACR in the general population.
- To examine this relationship across different levels of blood pressure and blood glucose.
- To identify potential early markers for kidney damage in diverse health strata.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of 32,885 subjects from the REACTION study.
- Exclusion of participants with primary kidney disease, heart disease, tumor history, or incomplete data.
- Categorization into RHR quartiles (Q1-Q4) and assessment of UACR. Logistic regression used to analyze associations.
- Stratification by blood pressure and blood glucose levels.
Main Results:
- Higher RHR quartiles were associated with increased UACR, even after adjusting for multiple factors.
- The positive RHR-UACR relationship persisted in individuals with normal blood pressure and normal glucose tolerance.
- This association was not significant in hypertensive or diabetic mellitus groups.
Conclusions:
- Elevated RHR is associated with higher UACR in individuals with normal blood pressure.
- Higher RHR is also linked to increased UACR in those with normal glucose tolerance.
- RHR may serve as a potential indicator of early kidney injury in specific population subgroups.
Objective:
In general population, resting heart rate (RHR) is associated with cardiovascular disease. However, its relation to chronic kidney disease (CKD) is debated. We therefore investigated the relationship between RHR and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR, an indicator of early kidney injury) in general population at different levels of blood pressure and blood glucose.
Methods:
We screened out 32,885 subjects from the REACTION study after excluding the subjects with primary kidney disease, heart disease, tumor history, related drug application, and important data loss. The whole group was divided into four groups (Q1: RHR ≤ 71, Q2: 72 ≤ RHR ≤ 78, Q3: 79 ≤ RHR ≤ 86, and Q4: 87 ≤ RHR) according to the quartile of average resting heart rate. The renal function was evaluated by UACR (divided by quartiles of all data in the center to which the subject belonged). Ordinary logistic regression was carried out to explore the association between RHR and UACR at diverse blood pressure and blood glucose levels.
Results:
The subjects with higher RHR quartile tend to have a higher UACR, even multifactors were adjusted. After stratifying the subjects according to blood pressure and blood glucose, the positive relationship between RHR and UACR remained in the subjects with normal blood pressure and normal glucose tolerance, while in the hypertension (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg) group and the diabetic mellitus (FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L and/or PPG ≥ 11.1 mmol/L) group, the relationship disappeared. In the subjects without hypertension, compared with the Q1 group, the UACR is significant higher in the Q3 group (OR: 1.11) and the Q4 group (OR: 1.22). In the subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), compared with the Q1 group, the UACR is significantly higher in the Q3 group (OR: 1.13) and the Q4 group (OR: 1.19).
Conclusions:
The population with higher RHR tend to have a higher UACR in the normal blood pressure group and the normal glucose tolerance group.
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