Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

Cleavage and Blastulation

49.9K
After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
49.9K
Determining the Plane of Cell Division02:13

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

3.8K
Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
Animal cells
In animal cells, the cleavage furrow forms along the plane of cell division...
3.8K
Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

Separation of Sister Chromatids

4.4K
At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...
4.4K
Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

Fixing Double-strand Breaks

4.3K
4.3K
M-Cdk Drives Transition Into Mitosis02:15

M-Cdk Drives Transition Into Mitosis

6.3K
Checkpoints throughout the cell cycle serve as safeguards and gatekeepers, allowing the cell cycle to progress in favorable conditions and slow or halt it in problematic ones. This regulation is known as the cell cycle control system.
Cyclin-dependent kinases, or Cdks, work in concert with cyclins to control cell cycle transitions. M-Cdk, a complex of Cdk1 bound to M cyclin, is a well-known example of this coordinated control that drives the transition from the G2 to the M phase.
M cyclin...
6.3K
Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

6.5K
The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
6.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Multiscale modeling of blood circulation with cerebral autoregulation and network pathway analysis for hemodynamic redistribution in the vascular network with anatomical variations and stenosis conditions.

PLoS computational biology·2026
Same author

High-speed fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy: techniques, applications, and prospects.

Biophotonics discovery·2026
Same author

G/C-ending and synonymous codon bias define functional translational programs that shape human tissue and cancer proteomes.

NAR genomics and bioinformatics·2026
Same author

Novel Use of Intracranial Arterial Pressure Waveforms to Detect Occlusive Events During Neuroendovascular Treatment.

Stroke (Hoboken, N.J.)·2026
Same author

Context-specific Angiogenin-mediated tRNA fragments (tDRs) biogenesis shapes the mitochondrial stress response.

Redox biology·2026
Same author

Optimal strategy for mechanical thrombectomy based on the preoperative imaging features of the thrombus.

Clinical neurology and neurosurgery·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Analysis of Transforming Growth Factor ß Family Cleavage Products Secreted Into the Blastocoele of Xenopus laevis Embryos
06:57

Analysis of Transforming Growth Factor ß Family Cleavage Products Secreted Into the Blastocoele of Xenopus laevis Embryos

Published on: July 21, 2021

2.7K

tRNA cleavage: a new insight.

Sherif Rashad1, Kuniyasu Niizuma2, Teiji Tominaga3

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Neurosurgical Engineering and Translational Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.

Neural Regeneration Research
|September 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) cleavage generates tRNA halves (tiRNA) under stress. These tiRNAs may protect cells or induce apoptosis, with roles in disease, highlighting a complex RNA biology mechanism.

Keywords:
RNA modificationangiogeninapoptosiscell stressstress granulesstroketRNAtRNA cleavagetiRNAtranslation repression

More Related Videos

Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development
14:08

Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development

Published on: January 26, 2013

15.8K
Ploidy Manipulation of Zebrafish Embryos with Heat Shock 2 Treatment
11:19

Ploidy Manipulation of Zebrafish Embryos with Heat Shock 2 Treatment

Published on: December 16, 2016

10.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Analysis of Transforming Growth Factor ß Family Cleavage Products Secreted Into the Blastocoele of Xenopus laevis Embryos
06:57

Analysis of Transforming Growth Factor ß Family Cleavage Products Secreted Into the Blastocoele of Xenopus laevis Embryos

Published on: July 21, 2021

2.7K
Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development
14:08

Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development

Published on: January 26, 2013

15.8K
Ploidy Manipulation of Zebrafish Embryos with Heat Shock 2 Treatment
11:19

Ploidy Manipulation of Zebrafish Embryos with Heat Shock 2 Treatment

Published on: December 16, 2016

10.3K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology
  • Cellular Stress Response

Background:

  • Transfer RNA (tRNA) is extensively modified and produces small noncoding RNAs, including tRNA halves (tiRNA).
  • tRNA cleavage, induced by stress and mediated by enzymes like angiogenin, is conserved across species.
  • The precise role of tiRNAs in cellular fate, whether cytoprotective or cytotoxic, remains under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted biology of tRNA cleavage and its products.
  • To explore the dual role of tiRNAs in cytoprotection versus apoptosis.
  • To examine the impact of tRNA modifications on tRNA cleavage and its implications in disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of tRNA biology, RNA modifications, and stress-induced responses.
  • Analysis of studies investigating angiogenin-mediated tRNA cleavage.
  • Examination of research on tiRNA function and disease relevance.

Main Results:

  • tRNA cleavage yields 5' and 3' tiRNA halves, with 5'tiRNA shown to repress translation.
  • Evidence supports both cytoprotective and pro-apoptotic roles for tiRNAs.
  • tRNA modifications influence tRNA cleavage, impacting cellular outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • tRNA cleavage is a significant cellular response to stress with complex implications for cell survival and death.
  • tiRNAs represent a critical link between RNA modifications, cellular stress, and disease pathogenesis.
  • Further research into tRNA cleavage and tiRNA function is crucial for understanding disease mechanisms and developing therapeutic strategies.