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Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution01:10

Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution

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For any given polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is higher than, if not equal to, the number average molecular weight (Mn). The only situation in which the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are equal is when a polymer consists only of chains with equal molecular weight. However, this never happens in a synthetic polymer, since it is difficult to control the polymerization process up to a molecular level with accuracy to a hundred percent.
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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Osmolyte-Induced Macromolecular Aggregation Is Length-Scale Dependent.

Mrinmoy Mukherjee1, Jagannath Mondal1

  • 1Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences , 36/P Gopanpally , Serilingampally Mandal, Hyderabad 500107 , India.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|September 21, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) influences macromolecular self-assembly differently based on length scale. This osmolyte promotes aggregation in short hydrophobic molecules but hinders it in longer ones, driven by entropy.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Cells utilize osmolytes to survive extreme conditions and maintain homeostasis.
  • Osmolytes stabilize single macromolecules, but their effect on macromolecular aggregation is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) affects the self-assembly of hydrophobic and charged macromolecules.
  • To elucidate the length-scale dependence of TMAO's influence on macromolecular aggregation.

Main Methods:

  • Computer simulations were employed to model macromolecular behavior in TMAO solutions.
  • Free energy analysis was used to quantify self-aggregation propensities.
  • Molecular-level analysis examined osmolyte-macromolecule interactions.

Main Results:

  • TMAO's effect on hydrophobic macromolecular self-aggregation is length-scale dependent.
  • TMAO promotes aggregation at shorter length scales and inhibits it at larger length scales compared to neat water.
  • This nonmonotonic trend is entropy-driven and arises from length-scale-dependent osmolyte exclusion/binding.

Conclusions:

  • TMAO exhibits length-dependent modulation of hydrophobic macromolecular self-assembly.
  • The findings are robust even with charged macromolecules.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for cellular homeostasis in extreme environments.