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Related Concept Videos

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase
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Recombination in Enteroviruses, a Multi-Step Modular Evolutionary Process.

Claire Muslin1, Alice Mac Kain2, Maël Bessaud3

  • 1One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de las Américas, Quito EC170125, Pichincha, Ecuador. claire.muslin@udla.edu.ec.

Viruses
|September 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RNA recombination significantly shapes enterovirus evolution, driving the emergence of pathogenic polioviruses. Experimental models reveal a multi-step process for generating diverse, fitter recombinant genomes from genomic modules.

Keywords:
RNA virusemergenceenterovirusrecombinationviral evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • RNA recombination is a key driver in enterovirus evolution and genetic diversification.
  • Intertypic recombination in enteroviruses is linked to the emergence of pathogenic polioviruses, causing paralytic poliomyelitis outbreaks.
  • Previous studies suggested theoretical models of enterovirus modular evolution based on phylogenetic analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of RNA recombination in enteroviruses.
  • To define a new model for enterovirus genetic plasticity and modular evolution.
  • To provide experimental evidence supporting theoretical models of enterovirus evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized experimental recombination cellular systems that mimic natural genetic exchanges between enteroviruses.
  • Analyzed the generation of precursor nonhomologous recombinant genomes and their evolution into homologous recombinant genomes.
  • Identified genomic modules within the enterovirus genome that are preferentially exchanged during recombination.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that homologous intertypic recombinant enteroviruses result from a multi-step process involving initial inter-genomic recombination and subsequent intra-genomic rearrangements.
  • Showcased that the enterovirus genome comprises distinct modules subject to preferential exchange.
  • Defined the boundaries of these recombination modules, providing experimental validation for modular evolution.
  • Established a new model for enterovirus genetic plasticity.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental findings support the theoretical model of enterovirus modular evolution.
  • RNA recombination, particularly intertypic recombination, plays a critical role in the emergence of pathogenic enteroviruses.
  • The identified mechanisms and modular structure of enterovirus genomes offer insights into the evolution of other RNA viruses.