Interactions between two-dimensional nanoclay and blood cells in hemostasis

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Nanotechnology
• Hematology

Background:

• Uncontrolled hemorrhage post-trauma presents a significant mortality risk.
• Two-dimensional (2D) kaolinite nanoclay shows promise as a hemostatic agent for rapid bleeding control.
• The precise interactions of kaolinite with blood components and the influence of its physical properties on hemostasis remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

• To elucidate the interfacial interactions between kaolinite nanoclay and blood cells during hemostasis.
• To investigate the impact of kaolinite's structural characteristics, such as particle size and aggregation state, on its hemostatic efficacy.

Main Methods:

• Qualitative and quantitative analysis of kaolinite-blood cell interactions using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM).
• Flow cytometry was employed to assess cellular responses.
• Hemostatic activity was evaluated in relation to kaolinite's physical properties.

Main Results:

• Kaolinite demonstrated binding with platelets and induced platelet aggregation, crucial for clot formation.
• Red blood cells remained largely undisturbed by kaolinite.
• Nanoclay with smaller nanosheets and looser aggregation exhibited superior hemostatic activity.
• Enhanced activity correlated with increased water absorption and activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway and platelets.

Conclusions:

• Kaolinite's hemostatic mechanism involves platelet interaction and aggregation, facilitating blood clotting.
• The physical characteristics of kaolinite, including nanosheet size and aggregation status, significantly influence its hemostatic potential.
• Tailoring the properties of 2D nanoclay materials offers a viable strategy for improving hemostatic performance in trauma management.