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Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

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DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing
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Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

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Plant Organelle Genome Replication.

Stewart A Morley1, Niaz Ahmad2, Brent L Nielsen3

  • 1Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA. stewart.morley@usda.gov.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Organelle DNA replication in plants shares similarities with bacterial systems, utilizing proteins like DNA polymerase and primase/helicase. Key questions remain about genome maintenance and copy number determination in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Keywords:
DNA repairDNA replicationchloroplast DNAplant mitochondrial DNArecombination-dependent replication (RDR)

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts are vital organelles involved in cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
  • These organelles possess their own genomes but rely on nuclear DNA for many essential proteins.
  • Organelle DNA replication shares similarities with bacterial and phage systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of organelle DNA replication mechanisms in plants.
  • To highlight the proteins and processes involved in maintaining organelle genomes.
  • To identify remaining questions regarding organelle genome maintenance and copy number regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of organelle replication machinery with bacterial and phage systems.
  • Identification of key proteins involved in organelle DNA replication, such as DNA polymerase, primase/helicase, and single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSBs).
  • Review of existing literature on organelle genome maintenance and replication processes, including recombination-dependent replication (RDR).

Main Results:

  • Organelle DNA replication involves a minimal replisome, potentially including DNA polymerase, primase/helicase, and SSB.
  • Arabidopsis has two organellar DNA polymerase genes and multiple potential SSB genes, but only one known primase/helicase.
  • Genome copy number in plant organelles varies significantly based on tissue type and age.

Conclusions:

  • Organelle DNA replication mechanisms are not fully understood and may involve multiple processes like RDR.
  • Significant questions persist regarding how organelle genomes are maintained and how their copy number is regulated.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the complexities of organelle genome maintenance and replication in plants.