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Codling Moth Wing Morphology Changes Due to Insecticide Resistance.

Ivana Pajač Živković1, Božena Barić2, Zrinka Drmić3

  • 1Department for Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

Insects
|September 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

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Codling moth (CM) wing shape varies with insecticide resistance. Geometric morphometrics revealed differences linked to orchard management, suggesting potential for detecting resistance using wing shape as a biomarker.

Area of Science:

  • Entomology
  • Insect Ecology
  • Pest Management

Background:

  • The codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) is a major apple pest in Europe, facing intense selection pressure from control methods.
  • Insecticide resistance in codling moth populations is a significant challenge for sustainable agriculture.
  • Phenotypic changes, including wing morphology, may be influenced by varying control practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate forewing morphology differences in codling moth populations under different control regimes.
  • To assess the potential of geometric morphometrics and Finite Element Method (FEM) as tools for detecting insecticide resistance.
  • To correlate wing shape and deformation with dispersal capabilities in relation to wind speed.

Main Methods:

  • Geometric morphometrics analyzed forewing venation patterns of 294 codling moths from 11 populations.
Keywords:
biomarkerfinite element methodforewing shapegeometric morphometrics

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  • Finite Element Method (FEM) modeled wing deformation under varying wind speeds.
  • Populations were sourced from integrated orchards, ecological orchards, and laboratory-reared non-resistant groups.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant forewing shape differences were observed among populations from integrated, ecological, and laboratory-reared groups.
    • Specific landmarks (1, 7, 8, 9, 12) were key drivers of observed wing shape variations.
    • FEM showed increased wing deformation with higher wind speeds, with ecological populations exhibiting the least deformation.

    Conclusions:

    • Forewing shape serves as a reliable indicator of population differences related to pest control practices.
    • Wing shape analysis is a promising, accessible biomarker for detecting codling moth resistance.
    • Further research is warranted to validate wing shape analysis for population-level resistance monitoring.