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Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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The extracellular matrix or ECM holds cells together to form a tissue and allows the cells within the tissue to communicate. ECM comprises proteins such as fibronectin, collagen, laminin, etc. The most abundant protein in this space is collagen. Collagen fibers are interwoven with carbohydrate-containing protein molecules called proteoglycans. ECM allows cell migration and provides a structural scaffold at cell adhesion that anchors the cell when the extracellular matrix proteins interact with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Incorporating Pericytes into an Endothelial Cell Bead Sprouting Assay
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Dynamic Interplay between Pericytes and Endothelial Cells during Sprouting Angiogenesis.

Giulia Chiaverina1,2, Laura di Blasio3,4, Valentina Monica5,6

  • 1Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, Str. Prov. 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy. giulia.chiaverina@ircc.it.

Cells
|September 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Pericytes support blood vessel growth by proliferating and migrating independently of endothelial cells during angiogenesis. This study reveals key mechanisms of pericyte-endothelial cell interactions in new blood vessel formation.

Keywords:
NG2aortic ring assaycancerendothelial cellspericytessprouting angiogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular Biology
  • Cellular Dynamics
  • Angiogenesis Research

Background:

  • Vascular physiology depends on dynamic interactions between pericytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells.
  • Static experimental methods struggle to capture the complex, dynamic interplay crucial for vascular development and homeostasis.
  • Pericytes are vital mural cells involved in vascular support and pathological conditions like cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamic interactions between pericytes and endothelial cells during angiogenesis.
  • To develop and utilize experimental tools for simultaneously observing single pericytes and endothelial cells in a near-physiological context.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of cellular recruitment and behavior during new blood vessel formation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an ex vivo murine aortic explant model for studying capillary-like structure formation.
  • Developed mouse models for culturing, identifying, and tracking single endothelial cells and pericytes.
  • Employed advanced microscopy and image analysis to dissect cell-type interactions and cellular recruitment dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that pericytes are recruited to developing sprouts through proliferation.
  • Showed that pericytes migrate independently of endothelial cells during angiogenesis.
  • Observed that pericytes can proliferate on the surface of growing capillaries.

Conclusions:

  • Pericyte recruitment during angiogenesis involves independent proliferation and migration.
  • The findings provide crucial insights into the mechanisms governing endothelial cell-pericyte interactions.
  • This research enhances understanding of vascular development and homeostasis.