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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Calcium ions are essential to contract smooth muscle cells in blood vessels. They enter these cells through voltage-dependent calcium channels, specifically L-type calcium channels in the cell membrane. These L-type calcium channels are integral to the excitation-contraction coupling process in smooth muscle. When a stimulus is received by smooth muscle cells, their membrane depolarizes. This alteration in membrane potential instigates the opening of L-type calcium channels. As a result,...
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Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Paracrine signaling allows cells to communicate with their immediate neighbors via secretion of signaling molecules. Such a signal can only trigger a response in nearby target cells because the signal molecules degrade quickly or are inactivated if not taken up. Prominent examples of paracrine signaling include nitric oxide signaling in blood vessels, synaptic signaling of neurons, the blood clotting system, tissue repair/wound healing, and local allergic skin reactions. Nitric oxide as a...
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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Simultaneous Measurements of Intracellular Calcium and Membrane Potential in Freshly Isolated and Intact Mouse Cerebral Endothelium
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Calcium Mobilization in Endothelial Cell Functions.

Antonio Filippini1, Antonella D'Amore2, Alessio D'Alessio3

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy. antonio.filippini@uniroma1.it.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|September 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Endothelial cells (ECs) exhibit significant structural and functional heterogeneity. Intracellular calcium ion ([Ca2+]i) signaling is crucial for EC functions, impacting health and disease.

Keywords:
NAADPNOangiogenesiscalciumendothelial cellsendothelial dysfunctionsecond messengers

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular Biology
  • Cell Physiology
  • Calcium Signaling

Background:

  • Endothelial cells (ECs) form the inner lining of all blood and lymphatic vessels.
  • Despite a simple epithelial classification, ECs display remarkable structural and functional heterogeneity.
  • This heterogeneity, influenced by cell junctions and basal membrane organization, dictates varying permeability and functions across different organ systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental concepts of intracellular calcium ion ([Ca2+]i) mobilization.
  • To elucidate the role of calcium signaling as a critical second messenger in endothelial cell functions.
  • To encourage further research connecting calcium dynamics to endothelial cell physiology in both health and disease states.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of calcium signaling pathways in endothelial cells.
  • Analysis of the relationship between endothelial cell heterogeneity and calcium responses.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on calcium's role in endothelial cell functions.

Main Results:

  • Endothelial cells exhibit diverse types (continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous) based on location and function.
  • Intracellular calcium ion ([Ca2+]i) concentration is pivotal for numerous EC functions and responses to stimuli.
  • A complex calcium machinery involving plasma membrane channels and intracellular receptors regulates physiological [Ca2+]i.

Conclusions:

  • Calcium signaling is indispensable for endothelial cell function and homeostasis.
  • Understanding calcium mobilization in ECs is key to addressing vascular health and disease.
  • Further investigation into the EC calcium machinery promises new therapeutic avenues.