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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT01:25

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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
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Cardiac computed tomography (CT) scanning is an advanced cardiac imaging technique that utilizes CT technology, with or without intravenous (IV) contrast, to produce accurate cross-sectional virtual slices of specific areas of the heart, coronary circulation, and major blood vessels such as the aorta, pulmonary veins, and arteries. The computer processes these slices to generate three-dimensional images. Multidetector CT (MDCT) is a rapid form of CT scanning that captures multiple slices...
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Coronary Artery Disease III: Clinical Manifestations01:30

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a primary health risk worldwide, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. The condition arises from the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques within the coronary arteries, resulting in diminished blood supply to the heart muscle.The clinical manifestations of CAD vary widely, from asymptomatic stages to severe, life-threatening conditions. Understanding these manifestations is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management.Angina Pectoris: The Warning...
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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Related Experiment Video

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Identifying Coronary Artery Calcification on Non-gated Computed Tomography Scans
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Coronary Artery Microcalcification: Imaging and Clinical Implications.

Federico Vancheri1, Giovanni Longo2, Sergio Vancheri3

  • 1Internal Medicine, S.Elia Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy. federico.vancheri@ki.se.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Identifying vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques is key to preventing cardiovascular events. While coronary artery calcification (CAC) indicates plaque burden, microcalcifications, not visible on CT, are linked to plaque rupture and instability.

Keywords:
atherosclerosisatherosclerosis imagingconfocal microcalcification imagingcoronary microcalcification

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Radiology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Acute cardiovascular events often result from atherosclerotic plaque rupture.
  • Identifying vulnerable plaques is crucial for effective cardiovascular risk reduction.
  • Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a marker of atherosclerosis and predicts cardiovascular events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate the role of macrocalcification versus microcalcification in plaque vulnerability.
  • To explore advanced imaging techniques for assessing atherosclerotic plaque activity.
  • To explain the paradox of increased CAC in statin trials.

Main Methods:

  • Review of computed tomography (CT) for CAC scoring.
  • Analysis of intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography for microcalcification detection.
  • Discussion of positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance (MR) for assessing plaque activity.

Main Results:

  • CAC scoring reflects plaque burden but not vulnerability.
  • Spotty microcalcifications correlate with plaque instability and rupture.
  • Advanced imaging reveals disease activity, linked to microcalcification and adverse outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Microcalcifications, not CT-detectable macrocalcifications, are key indicators of vulnerable plaques.
  • Increased plaque activity, assessed by PET/MR, signifies higher event rates.
  • Statin-induced reduction in inflammation may explain increased CAC by promoting stable macrocalcification.