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Related Concept Videos

Aging01:26

Aging

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

A Quantitative Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species and Senescence-associated Secretory Phenotype in Normal Human Fibroblasts During Oncogene-induced Senescence
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Oxidative stress and exceptional human longevity: Systematic review.

Ángel Belenguer-Varea1, Francisco José Tarazona-Santabalbina2, Juan Antonio Avellana-Zaragoza1

  • 1Division of Geriatrics, Hospital Universitario de La Ribera (Alzira, Valencia, Spain), School of Doctorate, Universidad Católica de Valencia, San Vicente Martir, Valencia, Spain.

Free Radical Biology & Medicine
|September 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Long-lived individuals exhibit reduced oxidative stress and damage compared to younger groups. This suggests a potential link between lower oxidative stress and extreme human longevity.

Keywords:
AntioxidantsCentenariansFree radicalsLongevityOxidative stressSystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Biochemistry
  • Oxidative Stress Research

Background:

  • Oxidative stress (OS) is implicated in aging, frailty, and sarcopenia.
  • Understanding OS in extreme longevity is crucial for aging research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review oxidative stress activity and antioxidants in long-lived humans.
  • To compare OS biomarkers in centenarians versus younger and elderly controls.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
  • Inclusion of observational studies on OS biomarkers and antioxidants in individuals aged 97+.
  • Narrative synthesis and quality assessment using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).

Main Results:

  • 12 articles with 646 long-lived individuals and 1052 controls were analyzed.
  • Centenarians showed significantly less lipid peroxidation and oxidized proteins.
  • Centenarians exhibited altered antioxidant enzyme activities and vitamin levels compared to controls.

Conclusions:

  • Available evidence suggests reduced oxidative damage in long-lived individuals.
  • Lower plasma lipid peroxidation biomarkers are observed in centenarians.
  • Further high-quality studies with robust designs are required to confirm findings.