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Area of Science:

  • Educational measurement
  • Psychometrics
  • Statistical modeling

Background:

  • Linking and equating are crucial for comparing scores across different test forms.
  • Traditional methods often rely on common anchor items, which can be problematic.
  • External covariates and multiple anchor tests offer alternative approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effectiveness of external covariates in improving linking and equating accuracy.
  • To examine how anchor test length and group ability influence covariate utility.
  • To compare different linking and equating methodologies.

Main Methods:

  • A resampling study was conducted using pseudo forms of a state science test.
  • Sample sizes varied from 1,000 to 10,000 examinees.
  • Anchor tests ranged from 8 to 20 items; reading and math scores served as covariates.

Main Results:

  • Frequency estimation linking using an anchor test and external covariate demonstrated superior accuracy.
  • The benefit of covariates was observed across various anchor test lengths and group abilities.
  • This approach proved most effective under the majority of simulated conditions.

Conclusions:

  • External covariates significantly enhance the accuracy of linking and equating procedures.
  • The combination of anchor tests and covariates provides a robust method for score comparison.
  • Findings support the practical application of these advanced techniques in educational assessment.