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Born Too Early and Too Small: Higher Order Cognitive Function and Brain at Risk at Ages 8-16.

Marta Córcoles-Parada1, Rocio Giménez-Mateo1, Victor Serrano-Del-Pueblo1

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Very preterm and very low birth weight children often have brain abnormalities. These can lead to lower IQ and executive function deficits later in life, linked to altered brain structure.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Pediatrics
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Prematurity poses risks to higher-order cognitive functions, with deficits emerging later in development.
  • The precise causes and long-term consequences of prematurity on cognitive development remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify clinical predictors of brain abnormalities in very preterm (VP) and very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates.
  • To assess cognitive function, brain structure, and white matter integrity in older VP-VLBW children.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study of 196 VP-VLBW children.
  • Ultrasound brain assessments in neonates.
  • Neuropsychological testing and MRI scans at ages 8-16 in a subset of VP-VLBW children and controls.

Main Results:

  • 37% of VP-VLBW neonates exhibited brain abnormalities.
  • Clinical factors (gestational age, birth weight, hospital course) predicted neonatal brain abnormalities.
  • VP-VLBW children showed lower IQ, impaired executive function, and reduced gray and white matter integrity.
  • IQ correlated with cortical thickness in higher-order processing areas.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical factors in the neonatal period predict brain abnormalities in very preterm infants.
  • Executive function and IQ are significantly affected in very preterm children, associated with altered cortical areas and white matter integrity.