Novel Primate Bocaparvovirus Species 3 Identified in Wild Macaca Mulatta in China

Primate bocaparvovirus (BOV) is a possible cause of respiratory disorders and gastroenteritis in humans. However, the diversity and evolution of these viruses remain largely unknown, despite the identification of a growing number of BOVs in non-human primates (NHPs). Here, we report the identification of a novel BOV (provisionally named Macaca mulatta bocaparvovirus [MmBOV]) in the feces of wild Macaca mulatta in China by viral metagenomic analysis. Seven of 400 fecal samples from Macaca mulatta were positive for MmBOV. An almost complete genome sequence of 4,831 nucleotides was obtained, which had genomic organization and protein motifs similar to human bocaviruses (HOBVs), and shared characteristically low G/C content and weak codon usage bias. Sequence analyses of NS1, NP1, and VP1 revealed that MmBOV was most closely related to HBOV4 of Primate bocaparvovirus 2 (approximately 68.4%/70.6%, 73.3%/67.6%, and 70.4%/73.1% nucleotide/amino acid identities, respectively). Additionally, phylogenetic analysis revealed that MmBOV formed an independent peripheral branch, but clustered closely with those of the Primate bocaparvovirus species in the BOV genus (particularly HBOV4). These data strongly suggest that HBOV4 originated from NHP bocaparvoviruses around 200-300 years ago, and that NHPs may act as HBOV reservoirs. Following the International Committee of Taxonomy for Viruses guidelines, we propose MmBOV as a new species (tentatively named Primate bocaparvovirus 3) in the genus Bocaparvovirus, which is the first report of a novel species of primate BOV. Our data facilitate future research on the genetic diversity and evolution of primate bocaparvoviruses and highlight the importance of bocaparvovirus surveys in wild NHPs.