Porcine skin damage thresholds and histological damage characteristics from 1319-nm laser radiation

There is an increasing use of near-infrared lasers in biomedical applications operating in the spectrum between 1300 and 1400 nm. To corroborate and expand the existing safety data for skin exposure to lasers in this wavelength region, the in-vivo ED50 damage thresholds were determined in Guizhou miniature pigs for 1319-nm laser radiation. Exposure durations of 0.4, 1.0, and 3.0 s and 1  /  e2 beam diameters of 0.98 and 1.96 cm were employed. Damage lesion determinations were performed at 1- and 24 h post exposure. The Bliss probit analysis was employed to establish the ED50 damage thresholds. Histopathological studies of skin damage were performed at 48 h after irradiation to reveal the damage characteristics. The skin damage thresholds at 1 h post exposure, given in peak radiant exposure, were 35.5, 36.1, and 37.1  J  /  cm2 at exposure durations of 0.4, 1.0, and 3.0 s with the spot diameter of 0.98 cm, and 28.6  J  /  cm2 at exposure duration of 3.0 s with the spot diameter of 1.96 cm. At 24 h post exposure, the ED50s increased slightly. Histologically, the thermal damage characteristics at the near-threshold level included gathering of the nuclear chromatin and cell vacuolation in the epidermis and deposition of blood cells in the capillary vessels. However, at the apparently above-threshold level, the damage characteristics included obvious stretching of the nuclear chromatin in the epidermis, closing of the capillary lumen, structural change of collagen fibers, and coagulative necrosis of the hair follicle cells. The damage induced by this laser could go deep into the fatty tissue. The obtained results may contribute to the knowledge base for the damage mechanisms and expand the database for the refinement of laser safety standards in the wavelength range of 1300 to 1400 nm.